As the2020–21pandemicshowed,cyberspaceispervasiveinsociallife,ed-
ucation, business,andgovernment.Itisalsobecomingpervasiveincrimebecause
so muchvalueisinplayintheonlineworldandintheinterfacebetweencyberspace
and thephysicalworld.Criminalshavebeenquicktotakeadvantageoftheop-
portunities providedbycyberspace,althoughtheskillrequiredtotakeadvantageof
some oftheseopportunitiesisstillgreatenoughtolimitthedamage.Newkinds
of crimeshaveevolvedtotakeadvantageofcyberspacedirectly,whileother,more
conventionalcrimeshavechangedinthewaythattheyarecarriedout.
Lawenforcementhas,tosomeextent,beenleftbehindbythesedevelopments
because theyhaveweakerincentivesthancriminalsdo,andtheyworkwithinmuch
tighter constraints.Theseincludeaslowlyevolvinglegalsystem,andthewayin
which lawenforcementorganizationsaresiloed,atthenationalandoftenregional
level.