A reform proposal for investor-state arbitration has been debated by UNCITRAL
Working Group III since 2017 and many options have been considered including
state-to-state arbitration. In this background, this book which was originally submitted
as a Dissertation for a Doctoral Degree at Saarland University is presented to
you. The topic for the work was inspired by the situation that while we had state-tostate
arbitration as an option since the first bilateral investment treaty, just a handful
of cases had emerged, a curious situation since the world has seen more than
900 investor-state arbitration disputes based on the same treaties.