The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the Dutch collecting society for private copying remunerations, Stichting de Thuiskopie, are pleased to present the fourth joint publication on the law and practice of private copying systems around the world. This survey aims to provide an actual worldwide overview of private copying compensation systems (also known as private copying levies). These remuneration systems are an important element of copyright and related rights infrastructure. This report aims to facilitate evidence-based decision-making and to provide an update on important developments in the private copying law and practice of countries that have such an exception in place. Stichting de Thuiskopie started collecting legal and practical information about private copying remuneration in neighbouring countries in 1991. The survey quickly expanded to include all European countries with a levy system. Over the years, the scope has been expanded to embrace countries outside Europe. This 25th edition covers countries on almost all continents. The task of compiling this report was entrusted to Hester Wijminga and Wouter Klomp at Stichting de Thuiskopie. Joost Poort (Institute for Information Law (IViR), University of Amsterdam) was entrusted with the economic analysis and Marije van der Jagt, LL.M, lawyer at Griffiths Advocaten provided the legal summary. Representatives of WIPO were also of great assistance. The collection of data for this study would not have been possible without the support of private copying collecting societies1. The authors are grateful to all these collecting societies and collective management organisations for their cooperation and their efforts to improve insight into global private copying compensation systems. The survey demonstrates the importance of this source of income for all right holders. It is hoped that the survey will be as useful as it has been in previous years as a reference for negotiations on levies, in background reports of the European Commission, in studies of right holders and users’ organizations alike and in policy papers of governmental bodies.