ديباچه نويسنده 22
مقدمه مترجم 25
A 45
Abortifacient 45
Abortion 45
Accountability 46
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) 46
Active euthanasia 46
Act-utilitarianism 46
Active and vulontary euthanasia 46
Active euthanasia 46
Actual intention 47
Adult stem cells 47
Advance directive (for health care) 47
Affected ignorance 47
Affective attitudes 47
Agape 48
AI (also AID and AIH) 48
AIDS 48
Allele 48
Allocation 48
Allograft (homograft) 49
Allopathic medicine 49
Altruism 49
Amniocentesis 49
Amoral 50
Anemia 50
Anencephaly 50
Aneuploidy 50
Animation 50
Antibodies 51
Antigen (or immunogen) 51
Apgar score 51
Applied ethics 52
Aretaic ethics (or aretology) 52
ART 52
Artificial insemination (AI) 52
Artificial womb/plasenta 52
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) 52
Assisted suicide 54
Autograft 54
Autoimmune disease 54
Autonomy 54
Autosomal disorder 55
B 56
“Baby Doe” regulations 56
Baby M case 56
beneficence 57
Benign 57
Best interests 57
Bioengineering 58
Bioethics committee 58
Biological determinism 58
Biometrics 58
Biotechnology 58
Blastocyst 59
Blastomere 59
Brain death 59
Buck v. Bell 60
C 61
Canterbury v. Spence 61
Capacity, decisional 61
Cardioversion 61
Care, ethics of 61
Casuistry 62
Categorical imperative 62
Cell nucleus 63
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) 63
Chromosome 63
Clinical trial 63
Cloning 64
Cognitive 64
Coma (From Greek Koma = deep sleep) 65
Communitarianism 65
Competence 65
Conceptus 66
conscience 66
Confidentiality 66
Conflict of interest 66
Conjoined twins (or Siamese twins) 67
Consent 67
Consequentialism 67
Cost-Benefit Analysis 67
Cruzan case 67
CVS 68
Cyclosporine 68
D 69
D&C (dilation and curettage) 69
D&E (dilation and evacuation) 69
D&X (dilation and extraction) 69
DBS (deep brain stimulation) 69
DCD (donation after cardiac death) 69
Dead donor rule 69
Decisional capacity 70
Deep brain stimulation 70
Delayed animation 70
Deontology 70
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 71
Descriptive ethics 72
Determinism 72
Dialysis, renal 72
Dilation and curettage (D&C) 72
Dilation and evacuation (D&E) 72
Dilation and extraction (D&X) 73
Diploid 73
Disorder, genetic 73
Divine command theory 73
Dizygotic twin 73
DNA 73
DNA databanks 73
DNA fingerprinting (or DNA profiling, or genetic fingerprinting) 74
DNR (do not resuscitate) 74
Dolly 75
Dominant gene 75
Donation after cardiac death (DCD) 75
Do no harm 75
Double effect, rule or principle of 76
Double helix 76
Durable power of attorney for health care 77
Duty ethics 77
Duty to warn 77
E 78
ECLS (extracorporeal life support ) 78
ECMO 78
ECT 78
Ectogenesis 78
Ectopic pregnancy 78
Egg donation 78
Electroconvulsive theapy (ECT) 79
Eleemosynary health care institutions 79
ELSI 79
Emancipated minor 79
Embryo 79
Embryo adaptation 79
Embryo donation 80
Embryo lavage 80
Embryo splitting 80
Embryo transfer 80
Embryogenesis 80
Embryonic development 81
Emberyonic germ cells (EG) 81
Embryonic stem cells (ES) 81
Emergency Medical Treatmnt and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) 81
Emotivism 82
Empriricism 82
Encephalitis 82
Encephalocele 82
Encephalopathy 82
End 82
Ensoulment 82
Enzyme 82
Equipoise 83
Erythropoietin (EPO) 83
Eschatology 83
Ethical Absolutism 84
Ethical egoism 84
Ethical relativism 84
Ethics 84
Ethics committee 85
Eugenics 85
Euphenics 85
Euthanasia 86
Experimentation, medical 86
Extrachromosomal DNA 87
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) 87
"Extraordinary" and "ordinary" means of treatment 87
F 88
Familiy planning 88
FAS 88
Feeding tube 88
Female genital mutilation 88
Feminist ethics 88
Fertilization 89
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) 89
Fetal germ cells (FG) 90
Fetal reduction(or selective reduction) 90
Fetal tissue transplant 90
Fetus 90
Follicle, ovarian (or Graafian follicle) 90
Formalism 90
Formulary, pharmaceutical 91
Fragile X syndrome 91
Frontal lobes 91
Futility, medical 91
G 92
Gamete (or germ cell) 92
Gamete donation 92
Gamete intrafallopain transfer (GIFT) 92
Gametopathy 92
Gene 92
Gene expression 92
Gene pool 93
Generic drugs 93
Gene therapy 93
Genetically modified organism (GMO) 93
Genetic code 93
Genetic determinism 94
Genetic discrimination 94
Genetic disorder 94
Genetic engineering 94
Genetic fingerprinting 94
Genetic intervention 94
Genetic linkage 94
Genetics 95
Genetic screening 95
Genetic testing 95
Genetic therapy 95
Gene transfer 95
Genome 95
Genomics 95
Genotype 95
Germ cell 96
Germinal choice 96
Germline genetic therapy 96
Germplasm bank 96
Gestation 96
GH 97
GIFT 97
GMO 97
Gonads 97
Griswold v. Connecticut 97
Growth hormone (GH) 97
H 99
Haploid 99
Harvard criteria for irreversible coma 99
Health maintenance organization (HMO) 99
Hedonism, hedonic calculus 100
Hemizygote 100
Hemoglobin 100
Herbalism (phytotherapy) 101
Heredity 101
Heritability 101
Hermaphrodite 101
Heroic treatment 101
Heterograft (or xenograft) 101
Heteronomy 102
Heterozygote 102
heterozygous 102
Hippocrates 102
Histocompatibility antigens 102
HIV 103
HLA 103
HMO 103
Holistic medicine 103
Hominization 103
Homograft (or allograft) 104
Homologous recombination 104
Homozygote 104
Homozygous 104
Hospice 104
Institutional ethics committee 105
Humanae vitae 105
Human Genome Organization (HUGO) 105
Human Genome Project (HGP) 105
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 106
Humanism 106
Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) 106
Human Subjects Review Board 107
Huntington’s disease (HD) 107
Hyperalimentation 107
Hypoxia 107
Hysterectomy 108
Hysterotomy abortion 108
I 109
Iatrogenic 109
Immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) 109
Immunogen 109
Immunoglobulin 109
Immunosuppression 110
Implantation 110
Inclinations 110
Infanticide 110
Infibulation 110
Informed consent 111
Insemnation 111
Institutional ethics committee (IEC) 112
Institutional review board (IRB) 112
Interferons (IFNs) 113
Intergenerational equity 113
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) 113
Intrauterine device (IUD) 113
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) 114
Investigational drug 114
In virto fertilization 114
In vivo 115
IRB 115
Ischemia 115
IUD 115
IUGR 115
IVF 115
J 116
JCAHO 116
Justice 116
Justification, moral 117
K 118
Karyotype 118
L 119
Laparascopy 119
Laparotomy 119
Late-onset disorder 119
LD50 119
Legalism 120
Leukotomy (prefrontal lobotomy) 120
Linkage, genetic 120
Living 120
Lobotomy 121
Locked-in syndrome 121
M 122
Macroallocation 122
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 122
Malignant 122
Malpractice 122
Managed care 123
Mature minor doctrine 123
MCO (managed care organization) 124
Means and ends 124
Medical responsibility 124
Medical science 125
Meiosis 126
Metaethics 126
Metastasis 126
MFPR 126
Microallocation 126
Microinjection 127
Mifepristone (RU-486) 127
Mitochondria (singular=mitochondrion) 127
Mongolism 127
Monogenic 128
Monosomy 128
Monozygotic twin 128
Moral relativism 128
Morality 128
Morbidity 128
Mortality 128
Morula 128
MRI 129
Multifactorial disorder 129
Multifetal pregnancy reduction (MFPR) 129
Mutipotency 129
Mutagen 129
Mutageniss 129
Mutation, genetic 129
N 130
Nasogastric tube 130
Natural family planning (NFP) 130
Naturalistic fallacy 131
Natural law 131
Natureopathy 132
Negative eugenics 133
Neomort 133
Neonatology 133
Neoplasm 133
Neural tube defect 133
Neurotoxin 134
NFP 134
Non-heart-beating donor (NHBD) 134
Nonmaleficence 134
Nonreproductive cloning 135
Nontherapeutic research 135
Normative ethics 135
Nucleotides 135
Nucleus, cell 135
Nuremberg Code 135
O 137
Obligations 137
Oligospermia 137
Oncogene 137
Oncology 137
Ontogeny 137
Oocyte 137
Oophorectomy 138
Ordinary Measures 138
Orchiectomy 138
Organizational ethics (in health care) 138
P 139
Palliative care 139
Pantheism 139
Paraplegia 139
Parthenogenesis 139
Partial-birth abortion (dilation and extraction) 140
Passive Euthanasia 140
Paternalism 140
Pathogen 140
Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) 140
Persistent vegetative state (PVS) 141
Personhood 141
PET ascan 142
PGD 142
Pharmaceutical formulary 142
Pharmacodynamics 142
Pharmacogenetics 142
Pharmacokinetics 142
Phenotype 142
Physician-assisted suicide (PAS) 143
Pittsburgh Proticol 143
Placebo 143
Pleasure principle 143
Pluripotency 143
Point of service (POS) 144
Polygenic disorder 144
Polymerase 144
Polymorphism 144
Ployploid 144
POS 144
Positive eugenics 145
Posthumous gamete donation 145
PPO (preferred provider organization) 145
Preconception injury 145
Preembryo (or proembryo) 145
prefrontal cortex 145
Prefrontal lobotomy 146
Pregnancy reduction 146
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) 146
Premarital testing (genetic) 146
Prenatal diagnosis 147
Prenatal genetic screening 147
Prescriptive ethics (normative ethics) 147
Presumed consent 147
Presymptomatic (or predictive) genetic testing 147
Prima Facie 148
Prima Facie Duty 148
Primordial germ cells 148
Primum non nocere 148
Principle of totality 148
Privilege, therapeutic 149
Procreation 149
Proportionalism 149
Proposition 150
Proprietary health facilities 150
Proteomics 151
Protocol, research 151
Protoplasm 151
Proxy consent 151
PSDA 151
Psychiatric will 152
Psychosurgery 152
PVS 152
Q 153
QALYs 153
Qudriplegia 153
Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) 153
Quality of life 153
Quickening 154
Quinlan case 154
R 155
Randomization 155
Rationing 155
Reason 155
"Reasonable person" standard 155
Recessive gene 156
Recombinant DNA technology 156
Rectificatory justice 156
Relativism 157
Relativism, ethical 157
Relativism, moral 157
Relativist 157
Reproduction 157
Reproduction, cloning 158
Required request 158
Research protocol 158
Restriction enzyme (or restriction endonuclease) 158
Retrovirus 158
Rhythm method 159
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 159
Ribosome 159
Rights 159
Right to die 160
RNA 161
Roe v. Wade 161
RU-486 161
Rule-Based Ethics 161
Rule-utilitarianism 162
S 163
Schiavo case 163
Schloendorff v. Society of the New York Hospital 164
SCNT (somatic cell nuclear transfer) 165
Self-determination, individual 165
Self-preservation 165
Seroconversion 165
Serostutus 165
Sex-linked disorder 165
Sex preselection 166
Sex selection 166
Sexual reproduction 166
Siamese twins 166
Sickle cell disease (or sickle cell anemia or hemoglobin ss disease) 166
Single-gene disorder 167
Single- payer system 167
Situationalism 167
Situation ethics 167
Slippery-slope argument 168
Socialized medicince 169
Somatic cell 169
Somatic cell gene therapy 169
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) 169
Somatropin (somatotrophin) 169
Speciesism 170
Sperm bank 170
Sperm donation 170
Spermatozoon 170
Spina befida 170
Spontaneous abortion 170
Stakeholders 171
State medicine 171
Stem cells 171
Sterilization 172
Substituted judgement 172
Suicide 173
Supererogatory 173
Supererogatory Act 173
Superovulation 173
Surrogacy 174
Surrogate consent 174
Surrogate gestation 174
Surrogate mother 174
synderesis 175
Syndrome 175
T 176
Tarasoff case 176
Tay-Sachs 176
Teleology 177
Temperance 177
Teratogen 177
Teratoma 178
Tetraploidy 178
Theocentric, theocentrism 178
Theraputic sterilization 178
Therapeutic abortion 178
Therapeutic cloning 179
Therapeutic privilege (or therapeutic exception) 179
Therapeutic research 179
Third-party consent 179
Totality, principle of 179
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) 180
Totipotency 180
TPN 180
Transgenic animal 180
Transplantation, organ and tissue 181
Transsexualism 182
Triage 182
Triploidy 182
Tubal ligation 183
Twins 183
U 184
UAGA 184
Ultrasonography, medical 184
Uniform Anatomical Gift Act 184
Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA) 184
Universalizability 185
Universal precautions 185
Utilitarianism 185
v 187
Vacco v. Quill 187
Valid acts 187
Value 187
Vector 188
Vegetative state 188
Ventilator, medical (or mechanical) 188
veracity 188
Viability 188
Virology 188
Virtual intention 188
Virtue ethics 188
Virus 189
Vitaism 189
Voluntary act 189
Voluntary euthanasia 189
Voluntary sterilization 189
W 190
Washanton v. Glacksberg 190
Wedge argument 190
Withholding and withdrawing (life-prolonging treatment) 190
Wrongful birth 191
Wrongful life 191
X 192
xenograft 192
Xenotransplantation 192
linked recessive disorders 192
Z 193
ZIFT 193
Zona pellucida 193
Zygote 193
Zygote intrafallopian transfer 193